{"id":"CVE-2025-22457","published":"2025-04-03T16:15:35Z","modified":"2026-08-04T05:16:33Z","title":"Ivanti Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability","vendor":"Ivanti","product":"Connect Secure, Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways","tier":"core","eol":null,"description":{"text":"A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.6, Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.4, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways before version 22.8R2.2 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to achieve remote code execution.","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"summary":{"text":"A stack-based buffer overflow in Ivanti Connect Secure, Ivanti Policy Secure, and Ivanti ZTA Gateways allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected gateway. No authentication, user interaction, or special configuration is required, as the flaw is reachable over the network.","provenance":"ai","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","generatedAt":"2026-10-23T06:58:11Z"},"cvss":{"score":9.8,"severity":"CRITICAL","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"epss":{"score":0.99981,"percentile":0.99981,"date":"2026-10-29","provenance":"source"},"kev":{"dateAdded":"2025-04-04","dueDate":"2025-04-11","ransomware":true,"requiredAction":"Apply mitigations as set forth in the CISA instructions linked below.","notes":"CISA Mitigation Instructions: https://www.cisa.gov/cisa-mitigation-instructions-cve-2025-22457 ; Additional References: https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/April-Security-Advisory-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-Policy-Secure-ZTA-Gateways-CVE-2025-22457 ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22457","provenance":"source"},"vulncheckKev":{"dateAdded":"2025-04-03","exploitedFirstSeen":"2025-04-03","ransomware":true,"evidence":[{"url":"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/china-nexus-exploiting-critical-ivanti-vulnerability","date":"2025-04-03"},{"url":"https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/April-Security-Advisory-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-Policy-Secure-ZTA-Gateways-CVE-2025-22457","date":"2025-04-03"},{"url":"https://www.ivanti.com/blog/security-update-pulse-connect-secure-ivanti-connect-secure-policy-secure-and-neurons-for-zta-gateways","date":"2025-04-03"},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json","date":"2025-04-04"},{"url":"https://teamt5.org/en/posts/china-nexus-apt-exploits-ivanti-connect-secure-vpn-vulnerability-to-infiltrate-multiple-entities/","date":"2025-04-13"},{"url":"https://www.coveware.com/blog/2025/4/29/the-organizational-structure-of-ransomware-threat-actor-groups-is-evolving-before-our-eyes","date":"2025-05-01"},{"url":"https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/threat-signal-report/6086","date":"2025-05-07"},{"url":"https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2025/07/ivanti_cs.html","date":"2025-07-18"},{"url":"https://foresiet.com/blog/kimsuky-apt-data-leak/","date":"2025-08-22"},{"url":"https://assets.recordedfuture.com/insikt-report-pdfs/2025/cta-2025-0828.pdf","date":"2025-08-28"}],"evidenceTotal":26,"provenance":"source"},"exploited":true,"otx":{"pulseCount":50,"pulses":[{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 30, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae35d889ea92b4ce19c2680","created":"2026-10-29"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 29, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae20c1db17e7057ae7d9ad1","created":"2026-10-28"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 28, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae0ba7e0e2a97ff7b218819","created":"2026-10-27"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 27, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adf68b85c3e852f3c111d18","created":"2026-10-26"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 24, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adb740e397c3ad4799aa4cd","created":"2026-10-23"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 23, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ada236fcfba2dfa730ea482","created":"2026-10-22"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 22, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad8d33a077cbb5cab524d80","created":"2026-10-21"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 21, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad78130c4d1ac2be83a8b6d","created":"2026-10-20"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 20, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad62f63c24a405a3423cc13","created":"2026-10-19"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 19, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad4dda174e5797d0bd238b7","created":"2026-10-18"}],"provenance":"machine"},"cwes":[{"id":"CWE-787","name":"Out-of-bounds Write"},{"id":"CWE-121","name":"Stack-based Buffer Overflow"}],"references":[{"url":"https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/April-Security-Advisory-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-Policy-Secure-ZTA-Gateways-CVE-2025-22457","tags":["Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-22457","tags":["US Government Resource"]}],"techniques":[{"id":"T1190","name":"Exploit Public-Facing Application","tactics":["initial-access"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Buffer Overflow","mappingType":"exploitation_technique","evidence":[],"comment":"Ivanti Connect Secure, Pulse Connect Secure, Ivanti Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways products running old versions are susceptible to a stack-based buffer overflow exploit that can lead to remote code execution. The patched versions of each product that remove this vulnerability are as follows: Ivanti Connect Secure (22.7R2.6), Pulse Connect Secure (22.7R2.6), Ivanti Policy Secure (22.7R1.4), and ZTA Gateways (22.8R2.2).","confidence":"high"},{"id":"T1059","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Buffer Overflow","mappingType":"primary_impact","evidence":[],"comment":"Ivanti Connect Secure, Pulse Connect Secure, Ivanti Policy Secure, and ZTA Gateways products running old versions are susceptible to a stack-based buffer overflow exploit that can lead to remote code execution. The patched versions of each product that remove this vulnerability are as follows: Ivanti Connect Secure (22.7R2.6), Pulse Connect Secure (22.7R2.6), Ivanti Policy Secure (22.7R1.4), and ZTA Gateways (22.8R2.2).","confidence":"high"}],"reports":[{"id":"SRC-38fc81133354bd0d4f56","title":"UNC5221’s Latest Exploit: Weaponizing CVE-2025-22457 in Ivanti Connect Secure","publisher":"picussecurity.com","url":"https://www.picussecurity.com/resource/blog/unc5221-cve-2025-22457-ivanti-connect-secure","date":null,"mentions":[{"quote":"CVE-2025-22457 in Ivanti Connect Secure","start":38,"end":77},{"quote":"In mid-March 2025, UNC5221 launched a fresh campaign exploiting a critical Ivanti Connect Secure vulnerability (CVE-2025-22457) to gain unauthorized access to organizations’ networks.","start":543,"end":726},{"quote":"The Ivanti Connect Secure Vulnerability (CVE-2025-22457) Explained","start":1090,"end":1156},{"quote":"On April 3, 2025, Ivanti publicly disclosed CVE-2025-22457, a critical stack-based buffer overflow affecting Ivanti Connect Secure VPN appliances (version 22.7R2.5 and earlier)​ [1].","start":1160,"end":1342},{"quote":"In reality, CVE-2025-22457 turned out to be exploitable for unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE).","start":1948,"end":2052}]}],"affected":[],"advisories":[],"euvd":{"id":"EUVD-2025-9646","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-9646","exploited":true,"exploitedSince":"2025-04-04","provenance":"source"},"exploits":[],"exploitSources":{"pocGithub":{"count":5,"skipped":1,"earliest":"2025-04-08","earliestUrl":"https://github.com/Vinylrider/ivantiunlocker","repos":[{"name":"sfewer-r7/CVE-2025-22457","url":"https://github.com/sfewer-r7/CVE-2025-22457","stars":73,"created":"2025-04-09"},{"name":"securekomodo/CVE-2025-22457","url":"https://github.com/securekomodo/CVE-2025-22457","stars":18,"created":"2025-04-10"},{"name":"Vinylrider/ivantiunlocker","url":"https://github.com/Vinylrider/ivantiunlocker","stars":2,"created":"2025-04-08"},{"name":"TRone-ux/CVE-2025-22457","url":"https://github.com/TRone-ux/CVE-2025-22457","stars":1,"created":"2025-05-25"},{"name":"benmevic/cve-2025-22457","url":"https://github.com/benmevic/cve-2025-22457","stars":0,"created":"2026-07-09"}]},"metasploit":[{"name":"Ivanti Connect Secure Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via Stack-based Buffer Overflow","module":"exploit/linux/http/ivanti_connect_secure_stack_overflow_rce_cve_2025_22457","type":"exploit","disclosureDate":"2025-04-03","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/linux/http/ivanti_connect_secure_stack_overflow_rce_cve_2025_22457.rb"}],"first":{"date":"2025-04-03","source":"Metasploit","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/linux/http/ivanti_connect_secure_stack_overflow_rce_cve_2025_22457.rb"},"provenance":"source"},"exploitRefs":[],"flow":[{"stage":"exploitation","techniques":["T1190"],"provenance":"source"},{"stage":"primary","techniques":["T1059"],"provenance":"source"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2025-04-03","kind":"published","label":"Published (NVD)","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22457","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-03","kind":"exploit-public","label":"First public exploit: Metasploit; later: PoC-in-GitHub 2025-04-08","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/linux/http/ivanti_connect_secure_stack_overflow_rce_cve_2025_22457.rb","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-03","kind":"exploited-reported","label":"Exploitation first reported (VulnCheck KEV evidence)","url":"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/china-nexus-exploiting-critical-ivanti-vulnerability","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-04","kind":"kev","label":"Added to CISA KEV (known ransomware use)","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-04","kind":"euvd-exploited","label":"ENISA EUVD: exploited","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-9646","provenance":"source"}],"speed":{"daysToPublicExploit":0,"firstExploitFrom":"Metasploit","daysToKev":1},"priority":{"score":83.7,"factors":[{"name":"In a KEV catalog","points":35.0,"detail":"listed in CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV"},{"name":"Recent KEV listing","points":0.0,"detail":"added 575 days ago"},{"name":"Known ransomware use","points":10.0,"detail":"CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV: Known"},{"name":"EPSS percentile","points":20.0,"detail":"percentile 0.9998"},{"name":"Named in threat reports","points":3.87,"detail":"1 report"},{"name":"Public exploit code","points":5.0,"detail":"5 PoC-in-GitHub repos; 1 Metasploit module"},{"name":"Mentioned in OTX pulses","points":3.0,"detail":"50 pulses"},{"name":"CVSS severity","points":6.86,"detail":"base score 9.8"},{"name":"End-of-life product","points":0.0,"detail":"supported or unknown"}]}}