{"id":"CVE-2025-31200","published":"2025-04-16T19:15:54Z","modified":"2026-06-17T09:10:00Z","title":"Apple Multiple Products Memory Corruption Vulnerability","vendor":"Apple","product":"Multiple Products","tier":"core","eol":null,"description":{"text":"A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.4.1 and iPadOS 18.4.1, macOS Sequoia 15.4.1, tvOS 18.4.1, visionOS 2.4.1, watchOS 11.5. Processing an audio stream in a maliciously crafted media file may result in code execution. Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited in an extremely sophisticated attack against specific targeted individuals on versions of iOS released before iOS 18.4.1.","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"summary":{"text":"A memory corruption flaw in Apple's multiple products (including iOS, iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, visionOS and watchOS) stems from insufficient bounds checking when processing audio streams. An attacker can achieve code execution by delivering a maliciously crafted media file, requiring no authentication and no user interaction, with network access as the delivery path.","provenance":"ai","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","generatedAt":"2026-10-23T07:10:06Z"},"cvss":{"score":9.8,"severity":"CRITICAL","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"epss":{"score":0.20898,"percentile":0.97554,"date":"2026-10-30","provenance":"source"},"kev":{"dateAdded":"2025-04-17","dueDate":"2025-05-08","ransomware":false,"requiredAction":"Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.","notes":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122282 ; https://support.apple.com/en-us/122400 ; https://support.apple.com/en-us/122401 ; https://support.apple.com/en-us/122402 ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31200","provenance":"source"},"vulncheckKev":{"dateAdded":"2025-04-16","exploitedFirstSeen":"2025-04-16","ransomware":false,"evidence":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1lkNJ0uQwbeC1ZTRrxdtuPLCIl7mlUreoKfSIgajnSyY/edit","date":"2025-04-16"},{"url":"https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Apple%20Patches%20Exploited%20Vulnerability/31866","date":"2025-04-16"},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122282","date":"2025-04-16"},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122400","date":"2025-04-16"},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122401","date":"2025-04-16"},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122402","date":"2025-04-16"},{"url":"https://x.com/craiu/status/1912608175364145652","date":"2025-04-16"},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json","date":"2025-04-17"},{"url":"https://cyble.com/resources/research-reports/global-cybersecurity-report/","date":"2025-12-11"},{"url":"https://www.loginsoft.com/reports/annually/vulnerability-intelligence-report-2025","date":"2026-01-20"}],"evidenceTotal":10,"provenance":"source"},"exploited":true,"otx":{"pulseCount":50,"pulses":[{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev 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2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad78130c4d1ac2be83a8b6d","created":"2026-10-20"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 20, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad62f63c24a405a3423cc13","created":"2026-10-19"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 19, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad4dda174e5797d0bd238b7","created":"2026-10-18"}],"provenance":"machine"},"cwes":[{"id":"CWE-119","name":"Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer"}],"references":[{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122282","tags":["Release Notes","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122400","tags":["Release Notes","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122401","tags":["Release Notes","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122402","tags":["Release Notes","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/122722","tags":["Release Notes","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/26","tags":["Mailing List","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Jun/14","tags":["Mailing List","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/10","tags":["Mailing List","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/0","tags":["Mailing List","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Oct/4","tags":["Mailing List","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://blog.noahhw.dev/posts/cve-2025-31200/","tags":["Broken Link","Exploit"]},{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44161894","tags":["Issue Tracking"]},{"url":"https://github.com/JGoyd/iOS-Attack-Chain-CVE-2025-31200-CVE-2025-31201/blob/main/Remote%20Crypto%20Attack%20Chain%20.md","tags":["Broken Link","Exploit"]},{"url":"https://github.com/cisagov/vulnrichment/issues/200","tags":["Issue Tracking"]},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-31200","tags":["US Government Resource"]}],"techniques":[{"id":"T1203","name":"Exploitation for Client Execution","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Memory Corruption","mappingType":"exploitation_technique","evidence":[],"comment":"A strategic zero-click iMessage exploit chain (CVE-2025-31200 / 31201) has been reported as compromising targeted devices with Paragon's Graphite spyware. Observed impacts include Secure Enclave key exfiltration, silent wallet theft, C2 infrastructure, and persistent C2 communication.","confidence":"low","confidenceNote":"server-side bug exploitable without user interaction; client-execution technique does not fit"},{"id":"T1105","name":"Ingress Tool Transfer","tactics":["command-and-control"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Memory Corruption","mappingType":"primary_impact","evidence":[],"comment":"A strategic zero-click iMessage exploit chain (CVE-2025-31200 / 31201) has been reported as compromising targeted devices with Paragon's Graphite spyware. Observed impacts include Secure Enclave key exfiltration, silent wallet theft, C2 infrastructure, and persistent C2 communication.","confidence":"high"},{"id":"T1001","name":"Data Obfuscation","tactics":["command-and-control"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Memory Corruption","mappingType":"secondary_impact","evidence":[],"comment":"A strategic zero-click iMessage exploit chain (CVE-2025-31200 / 31201) has been reported as compromising targeted devices with Paragon's Graphite spyware. Observed impacts include Secure Enclave key exfiltration, silent wallet theft, C2 infrastructure, and persistent C2 communication.","confidence":"high"},{"id":"T1059","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Memory Corruption","mappingType":"secondary_impact","evidence":[],"comment":"A strategic zero-click iMessage exploit chain (CVE-2025-31200 / 31201) has been reported as compromising targeted devices with Paragon's Graphite spyware. Observed impacts include Secure Enclave key exfiltration, silent wallet theft, C2 infrastructure, and persistent C2 communication.","confidence":"high"},{"id":"T1106","name":"Native API","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Memory Corruption","mappingType":"secondary_impact","evidence":[],"comment":"A strategic zero-click iMessage exploit chain (CVE-2025-31200 / 31201) has been reported as compromising targeted devices with Paragon's Graphite spyware. Observed impacts include Secure Enclave key exfiltration, silent wallet theft, C2 infrastructure, and persistent C2 communication.","confidence":"high"},{"id":"T1557","name":"Adversary-in-the-Middle","tactics":["collection","credential-access"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Memory Corruption","mappingType":"secondary_impact","evidence":[],"comment":"A strategic zero-click iMessage exploit chain (CVE-2025-31200 / 31201) has been reported as compromising targeted devices with Paragon's Graphite spyware. Observed impacts include Secure Enclave key exfiltration, silent wallet theft, C2 infrastructure, and persistent C2 communication.","confidence":"high"}],"reports":[],"affected":[],"advisories":[],"euvd":{"id":"EUVD-2025-11380","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-11380","exploited":true,"exploitedSince":"2025-04-17","provenance":"source"},"exploits":[],"exploitSources":{"pocGithub":{"count":4,"skipped":0,"earliest":"2025-04-21","earliestUrl":"https://github.com/zhuowei/apple-positional-audio-codec-invalid-header","repos":[{"name":"JGoyd/iOS-Attack-Chain-CVE-2025-31200-CVE-2025-31201","url":"https://github.com/JGoyd/iOS-Attack-Chain-CVE-2025-31200-CVE-2025-31201","stars":209,"created":"2025-05-17"},{"name":"zhuowei/apple-positional-audio-codec-invalid-header","url":"https://github.com/zhuowei/apple-positional-audio-codec-invalid-header","stars":115,"created":"2025-04-21"},{"name":"hunters-sec/CVE-2025-31200","url":"https://github.com/hunters-sec/CVE-2025-31200","stars":12,"created":"2025-08-28"},{"name":"serundengsapi/CVE-2025-31200-iOS-AudioConverter-RCE","url":"https://github.com/serundengsapi/CVE-2025-31200-iOS-AudioConverter-RCE","stars":2,"created":"2025-05-22"}]},"first":{"date":"2025-04-21","source":"PoC-in-GitHub","url":"https://github.com/zhuowei/apple-positional-audio-codec-invalid-header"},"provenance":"source"},"exploitRefs":["https://blog.noahhw.dev/posts/cve-2025-31200/","https://github.com/JGoyd/iOS-Attack-Chain-CVE-2025-31200-CVE-2025-31201/blob/main/Remote%20Crypto%20Attack%20Chain%20.md"],"flow":[{"stage":"primary","techniques":["T1105"],"provenance":"source"},{"stage":"secondary","techniques":["T1059","T1106","T1557","T1001"],"provenance":"source"},{"stage":"related","techniques":["T1203"],"provenance":"source","lowConfidence":true}],"timeline":[{"date":"2025-04-16","kind":"published","label":"Published (NVD)","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31200","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-16","kind":"exploited-reported","label":"Exploitation first reported (VulnCheck KEV evidence)","url":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1lkNJ0uQwbeC1ZTRrxdtuPLCIl7mlUreoKfSIgajnSyY/edit","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-17","kind":"kev","label":"Added to CISA KEV","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-17","kind":"euvd-exploited","label":"ENISA EUVD: exploited","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-11380","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-21","kind":"exploit-public","label":"First public exploit: PoC-in-GitHub","url":"https://github.com/zhuowei/apple-positional-audio-codec-invalid-header","provenance":"source"}],"speed":{"daysToPublicExploit":5,"firstExploitFrom":"PoC-in-GitHub","daysToKev":1},"priority":{"score":69.4,"factors":[{"name":"In a KEV catalog","points":35.0,"detail":"listed in CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV"},{"name":"Recent KEV listing","points":0.0,"detail":"added 563 days ago"},{"name":"Known ransomware use","points":0.0,"detail":"not known"},{"name":"EPSS percentile","points":19.51,"detail":"percentile 0.9755"},{"name":"Named in threat reports","points":0.0,"detail":"0 reports"},{"name":"Public exploit code","points":5.0,"detail":"2 NVD references tagged Exploit; 4 PoC-in-GitHub repos"},{"name":"Mentioned in OTX pulses","points":3.0,"detail":"50 pulses"},{"name":"CVSS severity","points":6.86,"detail":"base score 9.8"},{"name":"End-of-life product","points":0.0,"detail":"supported or unknown"}]},"lineage":{"familyId":"fam-class-apple-ios-macos-cwe-119"}}