{"id":"CVE-2025-62593","published":"2025-11-26T23:15:47Z","modified":"2026-10-19T13:10:00Z","title":"Ray-Project Ray Code Injection Vulnerability","vendor":"Ray-Project","product":"Ray","tier":"core","eol":null,"description":{"text":"Ray is an AI compute engine. Prior to version 2.52.0, developers working with Ray as a development tool can be exploited via a critical RCE vulnerability exploitable via Firefox and Safari. This vulnerability is due to an insufficient guard against browser-based attacks, as the current defense uses the User-Agent header starting with the string \"Mozilla\" as a defense mechanism. This defense is insufficient as the fetch specification allows the User-Agent header to be modified. Combined with a DNS rebinding attack against the browser, and this vulnerability is exploitable against a developer running Ray who inadvertently visits a malicious website, or is served a malicious advertisement (malvertising). This issue has been patched in version 2.52.0.","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"summary":{"text":"Ray, an AI compute engine developed by Ray-Project, contains a critical code injection flaw in versions before 2.52.0, arising from a weak defense against browser-based attacks that relies on the User-Agent header beginning with \"Mozilla\". An attacker can achieve remote code execution on a developer's machine running Ray by luring them, via a malicious website or malvertising, to a page that uses DNS rebinding and a spoofed User-Agent, which requires the victim to visit the page in Firefox or Safari while Ray is running and involves no authentication.","provenance":"ai","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","generatedAt":"2026-10-29T13:44:09Z"},"cvss":{"score":8.8,"severity":"HIGH","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"epss":{"score":0.6015,"percentile":0.99133,"date":"2026-10-29","provenance":"source"},"kev":{"dateAdded":"2026-08-17","dueDate":"2026-08-20","ransomware":false,"requiredAction":"Apply mitigations in accordance with vendor instructions, ensuring compliance with CISA’s BOD 26-04 Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk (see URL in Notes) guidance and CISA’s “Forensics Triage Requirements” (see URL in Notes). Follow applicable BOD 26-04 guidance for cloud services or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable. Stakeholders are responsible for evaluating each asset's internet exposure and ensuring adherence to BOD 26-04 patching guidelines.","notes":"https://github.com/ray-project/ray/security/advisories/GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v ; https://github.com/ray-project/ray/commit/70e7c72780bdec075dba6cad1afe0832772bfe09 ; BOD 26-04: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; Forensics Triage Requirements: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-implementation-guidance-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62593","provenance":"source"},"vulncheckKev":{"dateAdded":"2026-03-11","exploitedFirstSeen":"2026-03-11","ransomware":false,"evidence":[{"url":"https://www.bitsight.com/blog/rondodox-botnet-infrastructure-analysis","date":"2026-03-11"},{"url":"https://previdian.com/CVE-2025-62593","date":"2026-08-17"},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json","date":"2026-08-18"},{"url":"https://expel.com/blog/the-ai-cve-exploitation-evidence-story-headlines-are-scarier-than-reality/","date":"2026-08-27"},{"url":"https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/august-2026-cve-landscape","date":"2026-09-08"}],"evidenceTotal":5,"provenance":"source"},"exploited":true,"otx":{"pulseCount":31,"pulses":[{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 30, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae35d889ea92b4ce19c2680","created":"2026-10-29"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 29, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae20c1db17e7057ae7d9ad1","created":"2026-10-28"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 28, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae0ba7e0e2a97ff7b218819","created":"2026-10-27"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 27, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adf68b85c3e852f3c111d18","created":"2026-10-26"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 24, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adb740e397c3ad4799aa4cd","created":"2026-10-23"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 23, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ada236fcfba2dfa730ea482","created":"2026-10-22"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 22, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad8d33a077cbb5cab524d80","created":"2026-10-21"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 21, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad78130c4d1ac2be83a8b6d","created":"2026-10-20"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 20, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad62f63c24a405a3423cc13","created":"2026-10-19"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 19, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad4dda174e5797d0bd238b7","created":"2026-10-18"}],"provenance":"machine"},"cwes":[{"id":"CWE-94","name":"Improper Control of Generation of Code"},{"id":"CWE-352","name":"Cross-Site Request Forgery"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/ray-project/ray/commit/70e7c72780bdec075dba6cad1afe0832772bfe09","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/ray-project/ray/security/advisories/GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v","tags":["Exploit","Patch","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.bitsight.com/blog/rondodox-botnet-infrastructure-analysis","tags":["Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-62593","tags":["US Government Resource"]}],"techniques":[{"id":"T1189","name":"Drive-by Compromise","tactics":["initial-access"],"provenance":"ai","basis":"ai-mapping","bases":["ai-mapping"],"basisDetail":"claude-haiku-5-5: Malicious website or malvertising drives browser-based exploitation","mappingType":"exploitation_technique","evidence":[{"from":"description","quote":"exploitable via Firefox and Safari","start":154,"end":188}],"model":"claude-haiku-5-5","confidence":"medium","confidenceNote":"AI-mapped from the description (quote-validated, not expert-reviewed)"},{"id":"T1059","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"ai","basis":"ai-mapping","bases":["ai-mapping"],"basisDetail":"claude-haiku-5-5: Achieves remote code execution on developer machine","mappingType":"primary_impact","evidence":[{"from":"description","quote":"critical RCE vulnerability exploitable via Firefox and Safari","start":127,"end":188}],"model":"claude-haiku-5-5","confidence":"medium","confidenceNote":"AI-mapped from the description (quote-validated, not expert-reviewed)"}],"reports":[],"affected":[{"ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"ray","vulnerableRanges":["<2.52.0"],"patched":["2.52.0"],"from":["GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v","PYSEC-2026-520"],"provenance":"source"}],"advisories":[{"id":"GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v","severity":"CRITICAL","ecosystem":"PyPI","package":"ray","vulnerableRanges":["<2.52.0"],"patched":["2.52.0"],"provenance":"source","from":"GHSA"}],"euvd":{"id":"EUVD-2025-199754","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-199754","exploited":true,"exploitedSince":"2026-08-17","provenance":"source"},"exploits":[],"exploitSources":{"pocGithub":{"count":2,"skipped":0,"earliest":"2026-08-18","earliestUrl":"https://github.com/Boreas37/CVE-2025-62593-PoC","repos":[{"name":"Boreas37/CVE-2025-62593-PoC","url":"https://github.com/Boreas37/CVE-2025-62593-PoC","stars":2,"created":"2026-08-18"},{"name":"maxprog-svg/CVE-2026-33017","url":"https://github.com/maxprog-svg/CVE-2026-33017","stars":0,"created":"2026-09-01"}]},"nuclei":[{"id":"CVE-2025-62593","name":"Ray < 2.52.0 - Remote Code Execution","severity":"critical","path":"http/cves/2025/CVE-2025-62593.yaml","url":"https://github.com/projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates/blob/main/http/cves/2025/CVE-2025-62593.yaml"}],"first":{"date":"2026-08-18","source":"PoC-in-GitHub","url":"https://github.com/Boreas37/CVE-2025-62593-PoC"},"provenance":"source"},"exploitRefs":["https://github.com/ray-project/ray/security/advisories/GHSA-q279-jhrf-cc6v"],"flow":[{"stage":"exploitation","techniques":["T1189"],"provenance":"ai"},{"stage":"primary","techniques":["T1059"],"provenance":"ai"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2025-11-26","kind":"published","label":"Published (NVD)","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62593","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2026-03-11","kind":"exploited-reported","label":"Exploitation first reported (VulnCheck KEV evidence)","url":"https://www.bitsight.com/blog/rondodox-botnet-infrastructure-analysis","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2026-08-17","kind":"kev","label":"Added to CISA KEV","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2026-08-17","kind":"euvd-exploited","label":"ENISA EUVD: exploited","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-199754","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2026-08-18","kind":"exploit-public","label":"First public exploit: PoC-in-GitHub","url":"https://github.com/Boreas37/CVE-2025-62593-PoC","provenance":"source"}],"speed":{"daysToPublicExploit":265,"firstExploitFrom":"PoC-in-GitHub","daysToKev":264},"priority":{"score":74.0,"factors":[{"name":"In a KEV catalog","points":35.0,"detail":"listed in CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV"},{"name":"Recent KEV listing","points":5.0,"detail":"added 233 days ago"},{"name":"Known ransomware use","points":0.0,"detail":"not known"},{"name":"EPSS percentile","points":19.83,"detail":"percentile 0.9913"},{"name":"Named in threat reports","points":0.0,"detail":"0 reports"},{"name":"Public exploit code","points":5.0,"detail":"1 NVD reference tagged Exploit; 2 PoC-in-GitHub repos; 1 nuclei template"},{"name":"Mentioned in OTX pulses","points":3.0,"detail":"31 pulses"},{"name":"CVSS severity","points":6.16,"detail":"base score 8.8"},{"name":"End-of-life product","points":0.0,"detail":"supported or unknown"}]},"lineage":{"packageHistory":[{"cve":"CVE-2023-6021","published":"2023-11-16","fixed":"2.8.1","kev":false},{"cve":"CVE-2026-32981","published":"2026-03-17","fixed":"2.8.1","kev":false},{"cve":"CVE-2025-1979","published":"2025-03-06","fixed":"2.43.0","kev":false,"link":{"from":"CVE-2025-1979","to":"CVE-2025-62593","relation":"successor","confidence":"low","kind":"sequence","evidence":[{"kind":"version-step","provenance":"source","package":"PyPI:ray","fromFixed":"2.43.0","toFixed":"2.52.0","daysApart":265}]}},{"cve":"CVE-2025-62593","published":"2025-11-26","fixed":"2.52.0","kev":true},{"cve":"CVE-2026-27482","published":"2026-02-21","fixed":"2.54.0","kev":false,"link":{"from":"CVE-2025-62593","to":"CVE-2026-27482","relation":"successor","confidence":"low","kind":"sequence","evidence":[{"kind":"version-step","provenance":"source","package":"PyPI:ray","fromFixed":"2.52.0","toFixed":"2.54.0","daysApart":87}]}},{"cve":"CVE-2026-41486","published":"2026-05-08","fixed":"2.55.0","kev":false},{"cve":"CVE-2026-57516","published":"2026-07-01","fixed":"2.56.0","kev":false}],"package":"PyPI:ray"}}