{"id":"CVE-2025-68613","published":"2025-12-19T23:15:52Z","modified":"2026-10-13T11:10:00Z","title":"n8n Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources Vulnerability","vendor":"n8n","product":"n8n","tier":"core","eol":null,"description":{"text":"n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Versions starting with 0.211.0 and prior to 1.120.4, 1.121.1, and 1.122.0 contain a critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in their workflow expression evaluation system. Under certain conditions, expressions supplied by authenticated users during workflow configuration may be evaluated in an execution context that is not sufficiently isolated from the underlying runtime. An authenticated attacker could abuse this behavior to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the n8n process. Successful exploitation may lead to full compromise of the affected instance, including unauthorized access to sensitive data, modification of workflows, and execution of system-level operations. This issue has been fixed in versions 1.120.4, 1.121.1, and 1.122.0. Users are strongly advised to upgrade to a patched version, which introduces additional safeguards to restrict expression evaluation. If upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations: Limit workflow creation and editing permissions to fully trusted users only; and/or deploy n8n in a hardened environment with restricted operating system privileges and network access to reduce the impact of potential exploitation. These workarounds do not fully eliminate the risk and should only be used as short-term measures.","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"summary":{"text":"The n8n workflow automation platform has a flaw in its workflow expression evaluation system, where expressions supplied during workflow configuration may run in an execution context that is not sufficiently isolated from the underlying runtime. An attacker with only an authenticated account and no user interaction, able to supply expressions in a workflow, can execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the n8n process, which can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data, modification of workflows, and system-level operations.","provenance":"ai","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","generatedAt":"2026-10-23T07:04:30Z"},"cvss":{"score":8.8,"severity":"HIGH","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"epss":{"score":0.98994,"percentile":0.9993,"date":"2026-10-29","provenance":"source"},"kev":{"dateAdded":"2026-03-11","dueDate":"2026-03-25","ransomware":false,"requiredAction":"Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.","notes":"https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68613","provenance":"source"},"vulncheckKev":{"dateAdded":"2026-02-21","exploitedFirstSeen":"2026-02-21","ransomware":false,"evidence":[{"url":"https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/2026/feb/zerobot-malware-targets-n8n-automation-platform","date":"2026-02-21"},{"url":"https://ctrlaltintel.com/threat%20research/MuddyWater/","date":"2026-03-04"},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json","date":"2026-03-11"},{"url":"https://www.vulncheck.com/blog/n8n-needs-more-kev","date":"2026-03-20"},{"url":"https://www.labs.greynoise.io/grimoire/2026-03-23-bucklog-k8s/","date":"2026-03-23"},{"url":"https://www.intel471.com/blog/cve-2025-68613-zerobot-botnet-exploits-critical-vulnerability-impacting-n8n-ai-orchestration-platform","date":"2026-03-24"},{"url":"https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/march-2026-cve-landscape","date":"2026-04-13"},{"url":"https://view.bitsight.com/viewer/275c18689811d887dfa0368866323ed5#1","date":"2026-06-22"},{"url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/autonomous-ai-cyber-attack-campaign/","date":"2026-07-30"},{"url":"https://www.tenable.com/blog/the-agentic-ai-threat-cluster-seven-incidents-three-actors-and-what-they-mean","date":"2026-08-14"}],"evidenceTotal":12,"provenance":"source"},"exploited":true,"otx":{"pulseCount":50,"pulses":[{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 30, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae35d889ea92b4ce19c2680","created":"2026-10-29"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 29, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae20c1db17e7057ae7d9ad1","created":"2026-10-28"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 28, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae0ba7e0e2a97ff7b218819","created":"2026-10-27"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 27, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adf68b85c3e852f3c111d18","created":"2026-10-26"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 24, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adb740e397c3ad4799aa4cd","created":"2026-10-23"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 23, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ada236fcfba2dfa730ea482","created":"2026-10-22"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 22, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad8d33a077cbb5cab524d80","created":"2026-10-21"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 21, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad78130c4d1ac2be83a8b6d","created":"2026-10-20"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 20, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad62f63c24a405a3423cc13","created":"2026-10-19"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 19, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad4dda174e5797d0bd238b7","created":"2026-10-18"}],"provenance":"machine"},"cwes":[{"id":"CWE-913","name":"Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/08f332015153decdda3c37ad4fcb9f7ba13a7c79","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/1c933358acef527ff61466e53268b41a04be1000","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/39a2d1d60edde89674ca96dcbb3eb076ffff6316","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp","tags":["Patch","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/2026/feb/zerobot-malware-targets-n8n-automation-platform","tags":["Exploit","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-68613","tags":["US Government Resource"]}],"techniques":[{"id":"T1078","name":"Valid Accounts","tactics":["initial-access","persistence","privilege-escalation","stealth"],"provenance":"ai","basis":"ai-mapping","bases":["ai-mapping"],"basisDetail":"claude-haiku-5-5: Requires authenticated user with workflow permissions","mappingType":"exploitation_technique","evidence":[{"from":"description","quote":"expressions supplied by authenticated users during workflow configuration","start":261,"end":334}],"model":"claude-haiku-5-5","confidence":"medium","confidenceNote":"AI-mapped from the description (quote-validated, not expert-reviewed)"},{"id":"T1059","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"ai","basis":"ai-mapping","bases":["ai-mapping"],"basisDetail":"claude-haiku-5-5: Arbitrary code execution via expression evaluation","mappingType":"primary_impact","evidence":[{"from":"description","quote":"execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the n8n process","start":494,"end":555}],"model":"claude-haiku-5-5","confidence":"medium","confidenceNote":"AI-mapped from the description (quote-validated, not expert-reviewed)"}],"reports":[{"id":"SRC-6456fe61781512dde412","title":"MuddyWater Exposed: Inside an Iranian APT operation - Ctrl-Alt-Intel","publisher":"ctrlaltintel.com","url":"https://ctrlaltintel.com/research/MuddyWater/","date":"2026-03-04","mentions":[{"quote":"CVE-2025-68613 - n8n expression authenticated RCE","start":4061,"end":4110}]}],"affected":[{"ecosystem":"npm","package":"n8n","vulnerableRanges":[">=0.211.0, <1.120.4",">=1.121.0, <1.121.1"],"patched":["1.120.4","1.121.1"],"from":["GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp"],"provenance":"source"}],"advisories":[{"id":"GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp","severity":"CRITICAL","ecosystem":"npm","package":"n8n","vulnerableRanges":[">=0.211.0, <1.120.4"],"patched":["1.120.4"],"provenance":"source","from":"GHSA"},{"id":"GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp","severity":"CRITICAL","ecosystem":"npm","package":"n8n","vulnerableRanges":[">=1.121.0, <1.121.1"],"patched":["1.121.1"],"provenance":"source","from":"GHSA"}],"euvd":{"id":"EUVD-2025-204618","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-204618","exploited":true,"exploitedSince":"2026-03-11","provenance":"source"},"exploits":[],"exploitSources":{"pocGithub":{"count":30,"skipped":7,"earliest":"2025-12-22","earliestUrl":"https://github.com/rxerium/CVE-2025-68613","repos":[{"name":"wioui/n8n-CVE-2025-68613-exploit","url":"https://github.com/wioui/n8n-CVE-2025-68613-exploit","stars":105,"created":"2025-12-22"},{"name":"ZeroDayEvil/CVE-2026-21858-n8n-FullChain","url":"https://github.com/ZeroDayEvil/CVE-2026-21858-n8n-FullChain","stars":88,"created":"2026-09-12"},{"name":"TheStingR/CVE-2025-68613-POC","url":"https://github.com/TheStingR/CVE-2025-68613-POC","stars":29,"created":"2025-12-22"},{"name":"rxerium/CVE-2025-68613","url":"https://github.com/rxerium/CVE-2025-68613","stars":27,"created":"2025-12-22"},{"name":"LingerANR/n8n-CVE-2025-68613","url":"https://github.com/LingerANR/n8n-CVE-2025-68613","stars":7,"created":"2025-12-26"}]},"metasploit":[{"name":"n8n Workflow Expression Remote Code Execution","module":"exploit/multi/http/n8n_workflow_expression_rce","type":"exploit","disclosureDate":"2025-06-10","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/multi/http/n8n_workflow_expression_rce.rb"}],"nuclei":[{"id":"CVE-2025-68613","name":"n8n - Remote Code Execution via Expression Injection","severity":"critical","path":"http/cves/2025/CVE-2025-68613.yaml","url":"https://github.com/projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates/blob/main/http/cves/2025/CVE-2025-68613.yaml"}],"first":{"date":"2025-06-10","source":"Metasploit","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/multi/http/n8n_workflow_expression_rce.rb"},"provenance":"source"},"exploitRefs":["https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/2026/feb/zerobot-malware-targets-n8n-automation-platform"],"flow":[{"stage":"exploitation","techniques":["T1078"],"provenance":"ai"},{"stage":"primary","techniques":["T1059"],"provenance":"ai"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2025-06-10","kind":"exploit-public","label":"First public exploit: Metasploit; later: PoC-in-GitHub 2025-12-22","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/multi/http/n8n_workflow_expression_rce.rb","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-12-19","kind":"published","label":"Published (NVD)","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68613","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2026-02-21","kind":"exploited-reported","label":"Exploitation first reported (VulnCheck KEV evidence)","url":"https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/2026/feb/zerobot-malware-targets-n8n-automation-platform","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2026-03-04","kind":"report","label":"Named in ctrlaltintel.com: MuddyWater Exposed: Inside an Iranian APT operation - Ctrl-Alt-Intel","url":"https://ctrlaltintel.com/research/MuddyWater/","provenance":"machine"},{"date":"2026-03-11","kind":"kev","label":"Added to CISA KEV","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2026-03-11","kind":"euvd-exploited","label":"ENISA EUVD: exploited","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-204618","provenance":"source"}],"speed":{"daysToPublicExploit":null,"firstExploitFrom":"Metasploit","daysToKev":82},"priority":{"score":78.0,"factors":[{"name":"In a KEV catalog","points":35.0,"detail":"listed in CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV"},{"name":"Recent KEV listing","points":5.0,"detail":"added 251 days ago"},{"name":"Known ransomware use","points":0.0,"detail":"not known"},{"name":"EPSS percentile","points":19.99,"detail":"percentile 0.9993"},{"name":"Named in threat reports","points":3.87,"detail":"1 report"},{"name":"Public exploit code","points":5.0,"detail":"1 NVD reference tagged Exploit; 30 PoC-in-GitHub repos; 1 Metasploit module; 1 nuclei template"},{"name":"Mentioned in OTX pulses","points":3.0,"detail":"50 pulses"},{"name":"CVSS severity","points":6.16,"detail":"base score 8.8"},{"name":"End-of-life product","points":0.0,"detail":"supported or unknown"}]},"lineage":{"familyId":"fam-n8n-cve-2025-68613","children":[{"from":"CVE-2025-68613","to":"CVE-2026-27577","relation":"related","confidence":"high","kind":"lineage","evidence":[{"kind":"osv-related","provenance":"source","id":"GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp","via":"related"},{"kind":"osv-related","provenance":"source","id":"GHSA-vpcf-gvg4-6qwr","via":"reference","url":"https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-v98v-ff95-f3cp"}]}],"packageHistory":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-21893","published":"2026-02-04","fixed":"1.120.3","kev":false},{"cve":"CVE-2026-21858","published":"2026-01-07","fixed":"1.121.0","kev":false,"link":{"from":"CVE-2025-68613","to":"CVE-2026-21858","relation":"successor","confidence":"low","kind":"sequence","evidence":[{"kind":"version-step","provenance":"source","package":"npm:n8n","fromFixed":"1.120.4","toFixed":"1.121.0","daysApart":19}]}},{"cve":"CVE-2026-25631","published":"2026-02-06","fixed":"1.121.0","kev":false,"link":{"from":"CVE-2025-68613","to":"CVE-2026-25631","relation":"successor","confidence":"low","kind":"sequence","evidence":[{"kind":"version-step","provenance":"source","package":"npm:n8n","fromFixed":"1.120.4","toFixed":"1.121.0","daysApart":49}]}},{"cve":"CVE-2025-68613","published":"2025-12-19","fixed":"1.121.1","kev":true},{"cve":"CVE-2026-21877","published":"2026-01-08","fixed":"1.121.3","kev":false,"link":{"from":"CVE-2025-68613","to":"CVE-2026-21877","relation":"successor","confidence":"low","kind":"sequence","evidence":[{"kind":"version-step","provenance":"source","package":"npm:n8n","fromFixed":"1.121.1","toFixed":"1.121.3","daysApart":20}]}},{"cve":"CVE-2026-25051","published":"2026-02-04","fixed":"1.123.2","kev":false},{"cve":"CVE-2025-68668","published":"2025-12-26","fixed":"2.0.0","kev":false},{"cve":"CVE-2026-33665","published":"2026-03-25","fixed":"2.4.0","kev":false,"link":{"from":"CVE-2025-68613","to":"CVE-2026-33665","relation":"successor","confidence":"low","kind":"sequence","evidence":[{"kind":"version-step","provenance":"source","package":"npm:n8n","fromFixed":"1.120.4","toFixed":"1.121.0","daysApart":96}]}}],"package":"npm:n8n"}}